Mechanisms of snoRNAs in cancer treatment resistance: from molecular insights to clinical applications

Small nucleolar RNAs (snoRNAs), traditionally regarded as guides for RNA modification, have emerged as critical regulators of tumor progression and treatment resistance. This review comprehensively outlines the roles of snoRNAs and their host genes in mediating cancer treatment resistance, with an emphasis on mechanisms involving epigenetic regulation, metabolic reprogramming, and tumor microenvironment (TME) remodeling. It further explores their potential as predictive biomarkers for cancer diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment response. In addition, the review addresses current technical challenges related to detection standardization and clinical translation. Future research is expected to establish a solid theoretical foundation and practical strategies to overcome drug resistance and promote the development of personalized cancer therapy.